GANITHAM MADHURAM

COLLABORATIVE LEARNING A collaborative learning approach involves pupils working together on activities or learning tasks in a group small enough for everyone to participate on a collective task that has been clearly assigned. Pupils in the group may work on separate tasks contributing to a common overall outcome, or work together on a shared task. Definition Collaborative learning occurs when small groups of students work together to complete an academic task. Collaborative learning is the educational approach of using groups to enhance learning through working together. Groups of two or more learners work together to solve problems, complete tasks, or learn new concepts. This approach actively engages learners to process and synthesize information and concepts, rather than using rote memorization of facts and figures. Learners work with each other on projects, where they must collaborate as a group to understand the concepts being presented to them. Through defending their positions,

DEMOCRATIC TRENDS IN HIGHER EDUCATION Introduction The purpose of education in a democratic society is to instil the values of cooperation, fairness and justice into the hearts of students. The values are essential to maintaining and improving a functioning democracy in a country. Democracy aims essentially to preserve and promote the dignity and fundamental rights of the individual, to achieve social justice, foster the economic and social development of the community etc. Democratic education is an educational ideal in which democracy is both a goal and a method of instruction. It brings democratic values to education and can include self-determination within a community of equals, as well as such values as justice, respect and trust. Why democracy is so important? A functioning democracy is the form of government that provides its citizens with the most freedom, the most opportunity, the greatest prosperity and the most comfortable life. Higher education established itself as a demo

ASSESSMENT FOR LEARNING UNIT III: TOOLS AN DTECHNIQUES FOR CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT Anecdotal records Anecdotal records are the informal teacher observation reports of student behaviours, skills and attitudes as they relate to the outcomes in the program of studies. It contains descriptions of incidents or events that are important to the person observing. Anecdotal records are short, objective and as accurate as possible. Anecdotal record includes only personal adjustment or social functioning of the child. Characteristics Simple reports of behaviour Results of direct observation Accurate and  specific Records typical or unusual behaviors Each record should contain a record of single incident The interpretations and recommended action should be noted separately from the description. Purpose The teacher able to understand pupil in realistic manner. It provides an opportunity for healthy pupil-teacher relationship To furnish the multiplicity of evidence for good cumulative record To under

2013-2014 INTRODUCTION Research is an inquiry process that has clearly defined parameters and as its aim the discovery or creation of knowledge or theory building, testing, confirmation, revision, refutation of knowledge and theory; and/ or investigation of a problem for local decision making. (C.R. McClure and P. Hersson, 1991) MEANING OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Qualitative Research is an umbrella covering several forms of inquiry that help us understand and explain the meaning of social phenomena with as little disruption to the natural setting as possible. Qualitative research is concerned with non statistical methods of inquiry and analysis of social phenomena. It draws on an inductive process in which themes and categories emerge through analysis of data collected by such techniques as interviews, observations, videotapes, and case studies. Samples are usually small and are often purposively selected. Qualitative research uses detailed descriptions from the perspective of the resear

Introduction The term Scaling is applied to the attempts to measure the attitude objectively.  Attitude is a resultant of number of external and internal factors. Depending upon the attitude  to be measured, appropriate scales are designed. Scaling is a technique used for measuring  qualitative responses of respondents such as those related to their feelings, perception, likes,  dislikes, interests and preferences. Attitude scales provide a quantitative measurement of attitudes, opinions or values by  summarising numerical scores given by researchers to people's responses to sets of  statements exploring dimensions of an underlying theme. Definition According to Merriam Webster dictionary, Attitude scale as a measure of the relative quantity of an attitude possessed by an individual as contrasted with a reference  group. Likert technique of attitude Scale  For the assessment of attitudes, various methods such as observation, question lists,  incomplete sentences and storytelling as

There are three types of assessment: diagnostic, formative and summative. Although are  three are generally referred to simply as assessment, there are distinct differences between the three. Prognostic Assessment A prognostic assessment expands the findings of an assessment with analysis of abilities and potentials with a further dimension: the future development of the concerned person, as well as the necessary conditions, timeframe and limits. Finding the right person for an executive position needs a reliable comprehension of the personality as well as the possibilities and limits concerning the personal development. Even an experienced and keen observer of human nature may get deluded, even recognized and proven  test procedures may be incomplete or leading to wrong results – and misjudgments can become expensive in substantial and immaterial ways. Six Goals of the Prognostic Personality and Abilities Assessment Analysis of  existing  abilities  and   interests,   including   the 

                                                    INVENTORY INTRODUCTION  An inventory is a criterion - referenced test designed to help determine whether, a student has an accurate working knowledge of a specific set of concepts. The aims of the research include ascertaining, 1. The range of what individuals think a particular question is asking. 2. The most common responses to the question. Concept inventories are evaluated to ensure test validity and reliability. Concept inventory are educational related diagnostic tests. TYPES OF INVENTORIES Mainly 2 types of inventories,             1. Interest Inventories.             2. Personality Inventories. INTEREST INVENTORIES                          Interest inventories attempts to yield a measure of the types of activities that an individual has a tendency to like and to choose. One kind of instrument has compared the subjects pattern of interest to the interest patterns of successful practitioners in a number of vocational fields.A di